Excerpt from The Bondage of the Will
(or On the Enslaved Will)
by
Martin Luther
From the last few paragraphs of the book..
I frankly confess that, for myself, even if it
could be, I should not want 'free-will' to be given me, nor anything to
be left in my own hands to enable me to endeavour after salvation; not
merely because in face of so many dangers, and adversities, and
assaults of devils, I could not stand my ground and hold fast my
'free-will' (for one devil is stronger than all men, and on these terms
no man could be saved); but because, even were there no dangers,
adversities, or devils, I should still be forced to labour with no
guarantee of success, and to beat my fists at the air. If I lived and
worked to all eternity, my conscience would never reach comfortable
certainty as to how much it must do to satisfy God. Whatever work I had
done, there would still be a nagging doubt [scrupulus] as to whether it
pleased God, or whether He required something more. The experience of
all who seek righteousness by works proves that; and I learned it well
enough myself over a period of many years, to my own great hurt. But
now that God has taken my salvation out of the control of my own will,
and put it under the control of His, and promised to save me, not
according to my working or running, but according to His own grace and
mercy, I have the comfortable certainty that He is faithful and will
not lie to me, and that He is also great and powerful, so that no
devils or opposition can break Him or pluck me from Him. 'No one,' He
says, 'shall pluck them out of my hand, because my Father which gave
them me is greater than all' (John 10:28-29). Thus it is that, if not
all, yet some, indeed many, are saved; whereas, by the power of
'free-will' none at all could be saved, but every one of us would
perish.
Furthermore, I have the comfortable certainty
that I please God, not by reason of the merit of my works, but by
reason of His merciful favour promised to me; so that, if I work too
little, or badly, He does not impute it to me, but with fatherly
compassion pardons me and makes me better. This is the glorying of all
the saints in their God.
You may be worried that it is hard to defend
the mercy and equity of God in damning the undeserving, that is,
ungodly persons, who, being born in ungodliness, can by no means avoid
being ungodly, and staying so, and being damned, but are compelled by
natural necessity to sin and perish; as Paul says: 'We were all the
children of wrath, even as others' (Eph. 2:3), created such by God
Himself from a seed that had been corrupted by the sin of the one man,
Adam. But here God must be reverenced and held in awe, as being most
merciful to those whom He justifies and saves in their own utter
unworthiness; and we must show some measure of deference to His Divine
wisdom by believing Him just when to us He seems unjust. If His justice
were such as could be adjudged just by human reckoning, it clearly
would not be Divine; it would in no way differ from human justice. But
inasmuch as He is the one true God, wholly incomprehensible, and
inaccessible to man's understanding, it is reasonable, indeed
inevitable, that His justice also should be incomprehensible; as Paul
cries, saying: 'O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and
knowledge of God! How unsearchable are His judgements, and His ways
past finding out!' (Rom. 11:33). They would not, however, be
'unsearchable' if we could at every point grasp the grounds on which
they are just. What is man compared with God? How much can our power
achieve compared with His power? What is our strength compared with His
strength? What is our knowledge compared with His wisdom? What is our
substance compared with His substance? In a word, what is all that we
are compared with all that He is? If, now even nature teaches us to
acknowledge that human power, strength, wisdom, knowledge and
substance, and all that is ours, is as nothing compared with the Divine
power, strength, wisdom, knowledge and substance, what perversity is it
on our part to worry at the justice and the judgment of the only God,
and to arrogate so much to our own judgment as to presume to
comprehend, judge and evaluate God's judgment! Why do we not in like
manner say at this point: 'Our judgment is nothing compared with God's
judgment'? Ask reason whether force of conviction does not compel her
to acknowledge herself foolish and rash for not allowing God's judgment
to be incomprehensible, when she confesses that all the other things of
God are incomprehensible! In everything else, we allow God His Divine
Majesty; in the single case of His judgment, we are ready to deny it!
To think that we cannot for a little while
believe that He is just,
when He has actually promised us that when He reveals His glory we
shall all clearly
see that He
both was and is just!
I will give a parallel case, in order to
strengthen our faith in God's justice, and to reassure that 'evil eye'
which holds Him under suspicion of injustice. Behold! God governs the
external affairs of the world in such a way that, if you regard and
follow the judgment of human reason, you are forced to say, either that
there is no God, or that God is unjust; as the poet said: 'I am often
tempted to think there are no gods.' See the great prosperity of the
wicked, and by contrast the great adversity of the good. Proverbs, and
experience, the parent of proverbs, bear record that the more abandoned
men are, the more successful they are. 'The tabernacle of robbers
prosper,' says Job (12:6), and Ps. 72 complains that sinners in the
world are full of riches (Ps. 73:12). Is it not, pray, universally held
to be most unjust that bad men should prosper, and good men be
afflicted? Yet that is the way of the world. Hereupon some of the
greatest minds have fallen into denying the existence of God, and
imagining that Chance governs all things at random. Such were the
Epicureans, and Pliny. And Aristotle, wishing to set his 'prime Being'
free from misery, holds that he sees nothing but himself; for Aristotle
supposes that it would be very irksome to such a Being to behold so
many evils and injustices! And the Prophets, who believed in God's
existence, were still more tempted concerning the injustice of God.
Jeremiah, Job, David, Asaph and others are cases in point. What do you
suppose Demosthenes and Cicero thought, when, having done all they
could, they received as their reward an unhappy death? Yet all this,
which looks so much like injustice in God, and is traduced as such by
arguments which no reason or light of nature can resist, is most easily
cleared up by the light of the gospel and the knowledge of grace, which
teaches us that though the wicked flourish in their bodies, yet they
perish in their souls. And a summary explanation of this whole
inexplicable problem is found in a single little word:
There is a life
after this life; and all that is not punished and repaid here will be
punished and repaid there; for this life is nothing more than a
precursor, or, rather, a beginning, of the life that is to come.
If, now this problem, which was debated in
every age but never solved, is swept away and settled so easily by the
light of the gospel, which shines only in the Word and to faith, how do
you think it will be when the light of the Word and faith shall cease,
and the real facts, and the Majesty of God, shall be revealed as they
are? Do you not think that the light of glory will be able with the
greatest ease to solve problems that are insoluble in the light of the
word and grace, now that the light of grace has so easily solved this
problem, which that was insoluble by the light of nature?
Keep in view three lights: the light of
nature, the light of grace, and the light of glory (this is a common
and a good distinction). By the light of nature, it is inexplicable
that it should be just for the good to be afflicted and the bad to
prosper; but the light of grace explains it. By the light of grace, it
is inexplicable how God can damn him who by his own strength can do
nothing but sin and become guilty. Both the light of nature and the
light of grace here insist that the fault lies not in the wretchedness
of man, but in the injustice of God; nor can they judge otherwise of a
God who crowns the ungodly freely, without merit, and does not crown,
but damns another, who is perhaps less, and certainly not more,
ungodly. But the light of glory insists otherwise, and will one day
reveal God, to whom alone belongs a judgment whose justice is
incomprehensible, as a God Whose justice is most righteous and evident
- provided only that in the meanwhile we
believe it, as we are
instructed and encouraged to do by the example of the light of grace
explaining what was a puzzle of the same order to the light of nature.
I shall here end this book, ready though I am
to pursue the matter further, if need be; but I think that abundant
satisfaction has here been afforded for the godly man who is willing to
yield to truth without stubborn resistance. For if we believe it to be
true that God foreknows and foreordains all things; that He cannot be
deceived or obstructed in His foreknowledge and predestination; and
that nothing happens but at His will (which reason itself is compelled
to grant); then, on reason's own testimony, there can be no 'free-will'
in man, or angel, or in any creature.
So, if we believe that Satan is the prince of
this world, ever ensnaring and opposing the kingdom of Christ with all
his strength, and that he does not let his prisoners go unless he is
driven out by the power of the Divine Spirit, it is again apparent that
there can be no 'free-will'.
So, if we believe that original sin has ruined
us to such an extent that even in the godly, who are led by the Spirit,
it causes abundance of trouble by striving against good, it is clear
that in a man who lacks the Spirit nothing is left that can turn itself
to good, but only evil.
Again, if the Jews, who followed after
righteousness with all their powers, fell into unrighteousness instead,
while the Gentiles, who followed after unrighteousness, attained to an
un-hoped-for righteousness, by God's free gift, it is equally apparent
from their very works and experience that man without grace can will
nothing but evil.
And, finally, if we believe that Christ
redeemed men by His blood, we are forced to confess that all of man was
lost; otherwise, we make Christ either wholly superfluous, or else the
redeemer of the least valuable part of man only; which is blasphemy,
and sacrilege.
CONCLUSION
Now, my good Erasmus, I entreat you for
Christ's sake to keep your promise at last. You promised that you would
yield to him who taught better than yourself. Lay aside respect of
persons! I acknowledge that you are a great man, adorned with many of
God's noblest gifts, - wit, learning and an almost miraculous
eloquence, to say nothing of the rest; whereas I have and am nothing,
save that I would glory in being a Christian. Moreover, I give you
hearty praise and commendation on this further account - that you
alone, in contrast with all others, have attacked the real thing, that
is, the essential issue. You have not wearied me with those extraneous
[alienis] issues about the Papacy, purgatory, indulgences and such like
- trifles, rather than issues - in respect of which almost all to date
have sought my blood (though without success); you, and you alone, have
seen the hinge on which all turns, and aimed for the vital spot [ipsum
iugulum petisti]. For that I heartily thank you; for it is more
gratifying to me to deal with this issue, insofar as time and leisure
permit me to do so. If those who have attacked me in the past had done
as you have done, and if those who now boast of new spirits and
revelations would do the same also, we should have less sedition and
sects and more peace and concord. But thus it is that God, through
Satan, has punished our unthankfulness.
However, if you cannot treat of this issue in
a different way from your treatment of it in this Diatribe, it is my
earnest wish that you would remain content with your own gift, and
confine yourself to pursuing, adorning and promoting the study of
literature and languages; as hitherto you have done, to great advantage
and with much credit. By your studies you have rendered me also some
service, and I confess myself much indebted to you; certainly, in that
regard, I unfeignedly honour and sincerely respect you. But God has not
yet willed nor granted that you should be equal to the subject of our
present debate. Please do not think that any arrogance lies behind my
words when I say that I pray that the Lord will speedily make you as
much my superior in this as you already are in all other respects. It
is no new thing for God to instruct a Moses by a Jethro, or to teach a
Paul by an Ananias. You say that '
you
have wandered far from the mark,
if you are ignorant of Christ.' I think that you yourself see
how the
matter stands. But not all will go astray if you or I go astray. God is
One Who is proclaimed as wonderful among His saints, so that we may
regard as saints persons that are very far from sanctity. Nor is it
hard to believe that you, as being a man, should fail to understand
aright, and to note with sufficient care, the Scriptures, or the
sayings of the fathers, under whose guidance you think that you are
holding to the mark. That you have thus failed is clear enough from
your saying that
you assert nothing,
but have 'made comparisons'. He
who sees to the heart of the matter and properly understands it does
not write like that. Now I, in this book of mine, HAVE NOT 'MADE
COMPARISONS', BUT HAVE ASSERTED, AND DO ASSERT; and I do not want
judgment to rest with anyone, but I urge all men to submit! May the
Lord, whose cause this is, enlighten you and make you a vessel to
honour and glory.
Amen.
Excerpt taken from the popular modern translation done by J.I. Packer and O.R. Johnston.
An older (public domain?) translation can be accessed
HERE.The above quotation begins in section 164 (around
here).
